Sunspots, Solar Rain, Solar Prominences, Solar Tsunamis, and Sunquakes as Strong Evidence for the Condensed-Matter Nature of the Sun
Abstract
Almost all observations discussed in this work are interpreted as supporting the condensed-matter nature of the Sun. Regrettably, empirical solar data are generally interpreted with the Standard Solar Model (SSM) in mind. Consequently, interpretations of solar features and phenomena are expected to remain compatible with the SSM. For instance, sunspots, granules, and faculae are commonly treated as structures within a gaseous plasma, whereas the present work argues that they are real physical structures formed by condensed crystal lattices. In addition, the Sun's average density (approximately 1.41 g/cm³), which is comparable to that of Earth's oceans and slightly greater than that of water, is often interpreted within a mathematical model rather than considered as possible evidence for a condensed state. The present work argues that the overall density of the Sun is compatible with a condensed liquid state and that a purely gaseous body would not inherently possess the structural properties required for the observed solar dynamo. Moreover, the continuous solar spectrum is examined in relation to the physical state of solar matter. Dense, opaque matter can produce a continuous spectrum approximating blackbody radiation, whereas isolated low-density gases or plasmas characteristically produce discrete emission lines. Most importantly, this work argues that observed solar-dynamic phenomena such as sunspots, solar prominences, coronal rain, sunquakes, and solar tsunamis cannot be adequately explained without a liquid surface and a solid core.